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A GitHub-reviewed security advisory, not necessarily under active exploitation the way our CISA KEV advisories are, but a real, disclosed vulnerability in an open-source dependency.
Affected packages
Vulnerable: >= 1.1.47, < 2.4.0
Patched in 2.4.0
Vulnerable: >= 1.1.47, < 2.4.0
Patched in 2.4.0
Vulnerable: >= 1.3.21, < 2.4.0
Patched in 2.4.0
Details
Reported by @echennells (Eric Chennells). Migrated from public issue #191 to a private advisory.
Affected: @bsv/wallet-toolbox / -client / -mobile. Verified in 2.1.21 and 2.1.21-parity-fix.2; the relevant code is the same at current HEAD
Summary:
When createAction runs against a remote StorageClient, the storage server returns the outputs to build. buildSignableTransaction takes each non-change output's lockingScript from the storage response and signs it, without comparing it to the lockingScript the caller supplied in args.outputs. WalletPermissionsManager.createAction parses the built transaction and has args.outputs available, but uses the tx only for inputs and getFee(); it does not inspect tx.outputs. A storage provider that returns a different recipient script than requested will therefore have that script signed and broadcast, while the calling app and UI still show the originally requested recipient.
Relevant code:
signer/methods/buildSignableTransaction.js — non-change output lockingScript = asBsvSdkScript(out.lockingScript), sourced from the storage response; args.outputs is not consulted.WalletPermissionsManager.js createAction — parses the built tx, derives spend from args.outputs satoshis + tx.getFee(), reads tx.inputs; does not read tx.outputs.signer/methods/signAction.js, completeSignedTransaction.js — sign the as-built tx; no output comparison.Context:
Remote storage is a supported, default configuration (StorageClient over BRC-103 AuthFetch, default endpoint storage.babbage.systems, optional payment middleware). The mutual auth establishes the storage server's identity and protects the channel, but the contents it returns are not validated against the request. The attacker is the storage operator, or anyone who compromises it — not a passive network MITM. (StorageServer.processAction does compare the signed rawTx outputs to what storage stored, so a response-only MITM is rejected; an operator stores the substituted script from the start.)
Proof of concept: We ran a storage server that returns a substituted recipient output, and pointed a current yours-wallet build at it as its active storage provider. With the wallet otherwise unmodified, a payment requested to one address was built, signed, and broadcast paying a different address, the substitution was not surfaced anywhere in the wallet.
EPSS, exploit probability
Low0.38%
estimated chance of real-world exploitation in the next 30 days, higher than 32.6% of every CVE FIRST.org scores
Refreshed 11/9/2026, via FIRST.org's EPSS model, not CVSS, this measures likelihood of exploitation, not how severe it would be.
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